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Determining the PFD for Heterogeneous, Combined BPCS and SIS

Verifying the probability of failure on demand for homogeneous architectures is simple and can be achieved using simple equations or models. However when the basic process control system and the protective safety instrumented system share common components and the channels of a multi-channel protection system are comprised of different components, the estimation of the probability of failure on de-mand becomes much more challenging. Using Markov modeling and model variation based on failures of ...

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